作者：羅成勇 何文元
單項(xiàng)填空題是高考的一個(gè)題型,分值占整個(gè)卷面的10%,有的考生由于沒有掌握解題技巧,單項(xiàng)填空題失分不少。如今單項(xiàng)填空題一般不是考查"純語(yǔ)法"或"純?cè)~匯",而是在特定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中考查考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。本文結(jié)合近幾年來(lái)的高考題,著重談?wù)剢雾?xiàng)填空題中常見的"難題"解題技巧。以期對(duì)同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。
難點(diǎn)之一:考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),不給出明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
解題技巧:認(rèn)真分析上下文語(yǔ)境,確定動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)
高考單項(xiàng)填空題考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),往往句子中沒有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),要靠對(duì)上下文語(yǔ)言環(huán)境的分析,才能搞清句子的時(shí)態(tài)。高考題中對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的考查常采用這種形式。例如:
He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ________ her somewhere.
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen
析:此題答案為D。題干句意為:"他一直打量著她,想知道是否在什么地方見到過她",其中,"kept"用的是一般過去時(shí)態(tài),"是否見過"應(yīng)是發(fā)生在"打量"之前,從時(shí)間上講,是過去的過去,故要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。又如:
-George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
-No. I ________ . Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited
C. hadn't been invited D. didn't invite
析:此題答案選C。"上周結(jié)婚"和"參加婚禮"都是過去發(fā)生的事情,我沒有參加是因?yàn)槲覜]有受到邀請(qǐng),故"邀請(qǐng)"的動(dòng)作應(yīng)是在此之前的,即,"過去的過去",因此,應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。
難點(diǎn)之二:把短語(yǔ)和固定搭配中的某個(gè)成分"置換"出來(lái),構(gòu)成"迷霧"
解題技巧:把位置還原,看清本質(zhì)
在做單項(xiàng)填空題時(shí),由于句型轉(zhuǎn)換或其它原因,使短語(yǔ)或固定搭配中的某個(gè)成分離開了原來(lái)的位置,從而使該短語(yǔ)或固定搭配不易辨認(rèn)出。例如:
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
析:此答案選D。實(shí)際上是考查turn to sb. for help(求助于某人),這里sb.就是題干中的person,且前置作定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞,分析時(shí)不妨還原,便可看出本質(zhì)。
難點(diǎn)之三:省略句子的某個(gè)成分,從而增加了試題難度
解題技巧:明確省略成分,補(bǔ)全句子看清真面目
________ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A. Compare B. When comparing
C. Comparing D. When compared
析:此題應(yīng)選D。本題考查when之后非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的掌握情況。其中,對(duì)when一詞用法的判斷是解題的關(guān)鍵。when(或其它詞,如while, since, once等)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),如果從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同,且從句謂語(yǔ)部分含有be時(shí),可把從句的主語(yǔ)和be一起省略。本題干中在when后省略了it is。即,when it is compared with the size of the whole earth...又如:
The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
析:本題在once之后省略了it is,很明顯,此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故答案應(yīng)選D。
難點(diǎn)之四:在一定的上下文中考查冠詞和代詞的應(yīng)用
解題技巧:準(zhǔn)確理解句子的實(shí)際含義(即,準(zhǔn)確翻譯句子)
Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience.
A. 不填;the B. 不填;an C. an; an D. the; the
析:本句子意為:從一萬(wàn)英尺高的一架飛機(jī)上跳下來(lái)是一次令人非常興奮的經(jīng)歷。這里的"一架"、"一次"不能理解為"那架"、"那次"。因此,要用不定冠詞。故答案選C。又如:
Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.
A. some B. any C. that D. those
析:本題很多考生易誤選D,這主要是受前面pleasures的影響。而句子的實(shí)際含義為:幾乎沒有樂趣能與炎熱夏天的一杯涼爽飲料相比。這里"夏天的一杯涼爽的飲料帶來(lái)的樂趣"當(dāng)然是"一種",故用that,而不用those。
難點(diǎn)之五:利用插入語(yǔ)使句子結(jié)構(gòu)變復(fù)雜,以此"迷惑"考生
解題技巧:去掉插入語(yǔ),理順句子結(jié)構(gòu),從而透視本來(lái)面目
E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
析:本題在主語(yǔ)(E-mail)之后加了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)(as well as telephones),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與句子主語(yǔ)(E-mail)一致,所以,動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),只有答案A正確。
難點(diǎn)之六:利用語(yǔ)境考查語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的應(yīng)用,沒有明顯的提示
解題技巧:認(rèn)真領(lǐng)會(huì)上下文,找準(zhǔn)"信息點(diǎn)"(或"提示句 / 詞")
-Excuse me. Is this the right way to the Summer Palace?
-Sorry, I am not sure. But it ________ be.
A. might B. will C. must D. can
析:根據(jù)答語(yǔ)中的I am not sure,說(shuō)明把握不大,故答案為A。這里I am not sure就是一個(gè)重要的信息。又如:
________ straight on and you'll see a church. You won't miss it.
A. Go B. Going C. If you go D. When going
析:題干中有連詞and引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)句子,所以不能選C、D,在英語(yǔ)里面,"祈使句+and / or+陳述句"是一常用句型,故答案選A。