科目 英語
年級(jí) 高一
文件 hihg1 unit8.8.doc
標(biāo)題 Mainly Revision (階段復(fù)習(xí))
Food Around The World (世界上的食物)
章節(jié) 第八單元
關(guān)鍵詞
內(nèi)容
Unit 8 Mainly evision (階段復(fù)習(xí))
Food Around The World (世界上的食物)
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
本單元同學(xué)們要學(xué)習(xí)如何用英語表達(dá)各種各樣的食物名稱以及有關(guān)“就餐”的日常用語。通過課文閱讀“Food Around the World”，了解玉米這種植物是如何傳到中國的。中國的許多果子又是如何被引進(jìn)到世界的其它國度的。下面是一篇有關(guān)玉米 （corn）的趣味短文，請(qǐng)你閱讀后看看玉米都有那些妙用。
Corn is the American name for maize . America is the biggest producer of corn in the world .
“Sweet corn”is the sweetest corn . Many people like to eat sweet corn on on the cob . Popcorn is a highly popular snack food in America . It is sold at the entrance of every cinema .
There are two expressions that include the word “corn”. A selfish person has little sense of shame about his selfishness as he thinks other people are selfish , too . We call this “measuring another's corn by one's own bushel ”.
An honest person admits the corn frankly if he loses in a game or debate . We think this is a gentlemanly way of talking one's own defeat . (corn 是美語對(duì)玉米的叫法。美國是世界上最大的生產(chǎn)國。“甜玉米”是最甜的玉米。許多人喜歡吃甜玉米棒子。爆玉米花在美國是很受歡迎的零食。每家電影院的入口處都能買到它。有兩個(gè)包含 corn 字的習(xí)語。自私的人對(duì)自己的自私心缺乏羞愧感，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為別人也是自私的。我們就把這個(gè)叫做“以自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量他人，即以己度人。一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人，如果比賽或者辯論失敗，就坦誠地認(rèn)輸。我們認(rèn)為，這樣接受失敗是有風(fēng)度的。”)
另外，我們?cè)诒締卧虼蠹姨峁┮黄y得的快速提高高考聽力技巧的文章和一篇新教材中的習(xí)語分類欣賞（上）的文章，相信它們一定會(huì)讓你大飽眼福。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
A. 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語指南
就餐套語 50 句
● Finding a table for dinner (找餐桌)
1. Can we take that table over there ? 我們可以坐那邊的那張桌子嗎 ？
2. Have you got a table for four ? 你們有供四人用餐的桌子嗎？
3. I prefer the one in that quiet corner . 我喜歡在那安靜角落里的那張桌子 。
4. Is the table free , waiter ? 服務(wù)員，這張桌子空著嗎 ？
5. No , this table is too close to the door . I don't like it .
6. This one is good . Let's take it . 這張桌子不錯(cuò)。我們坐這兒吧。
● Seating the diner (給就餐者安排座位)
1. Could you follow me , please ? 請(qǐng)隨我來。
2. Here is your table . Is itall right ? 這兒是您的桌子。行嗎 ？
3. I'm afraid there's no other places free at the moment . 目前恐怕沒有別的空位了。
4. I'm sorry , sir , the one by the window has been booked by telephone . Would you like to sit over there near the door ?
5. There's a table for four over there . Would you like it ?
● Asking if the diner is ready to order (詢問就餐者是否準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)菜了)
1. Would you like to order now , sir ? 現(xiàn)在您想點(diǎn)菜嗎，先生 ？
2. Have you decided what you'd like ? 您決定吃什么菜了嗎 ？
3. Are you ready to order , sir ? 您準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)菜了嗎 ，先生 ？
4. Can I take your order now ? 現(xiàn)在我可以請(qǐng)您點(diǎn)菜了嗎 ？
5. Have you chosen something ? 您選好菜了嗎 ？
● Asking what the diner would like to have (詢問就餐者想吃什么)
1. And what to follow ?接下來要上什么 ？
2. What soup would you prefer ? And what kind of fish do you like ?
3. What would you like to start / begin with ? 您想開始先點(diǎn)些什么 ？
4. Would you care for a drink before you order , sir ? 點(diǎn)菜以前您想喝點(diǎn)飲料嗎 ？
5. What dishes would you like ? 您要什么菜 ？
● Finding out what the restaurant has today (了解餐館今天有什么菜肴)
1. Could we have a look at the menu first , please ? 我們先看看菜單好嗎 ？
2. What do you have today for breakfast ? 今天早餐你們供應(yīng)什么 ？
3. What's special for tonight ? 今晚有什么特色菜 ？
4. What else have you got on the menu ? 你們菜單上還有什么別的嗎 ？
5. What kind of seafood do you have ? 你們有哪些海味 ？
● Ordering a meal (點(diǎn)菜)
1. Get me some chicken salad , please . 請(qǐng)給我來點(diǎn)雞肉色拉 。
2. Bring me two beers , please . 請(qǐng)來兩杯啤酒。
3. Anything is all right with me . I will order the same .
4. I think I'll have soup to start with .
5. It sounds good . I'd like to try the chicken .
● Asking how the diner would like something (詢問就餐者對(duì)菜肴有什么要求)
1. Do you like your tea strong or weak ? 您喜歡茶濃點(diǎn)還是淡點(diǎn) ？
2. How would you like them prepared ? 你喜歡菜怎么做 ？
3. Would you like it rare , medium , or well-done ? 您喜歡做得嫩一點(diǎn)，中等程度還是老一點(diǎn) ？
4. You want it now or after dinner ?
5. How would you like it done ?
● Expressing hospitality (表示殷勤款待)
1. Have some and I'm sure you'll like it .
2. Help yourself to anything you like .
3. Do have some more , there's plenty left . 再吃點(diǎn)吧，還有很多呢。
4. Try some of this , please . 嘗嘗這個(gè)吧。
5. Shall I make you a glass of beer ? 我給你倒一杯啤酒好嗎 ？
● Responding to hospitality (對(duì)殷勤款待的應(yīng)答)
1. I don't think I could eat another bite . 我想我一口也再吃不下去了。
2. All right , but only a small piece .
3. It's really delicious , but I honestly couldn't eat any more .
4. I've had more than enough .
5. No , thanks . I don't drink any wine .
● Paying the bill (付帳)
1. Can I have the bill , please ? 請(qǐng)把帳單給我好嗎 ？
2. It's my treat this time . I'll pay . 這次我請(qǐng)客。我來付。
3. Let's go Dutch this time . 這次我們各付各的。
4. Waiter ! The bill / check , please .
5. Let me pay this time . You can pay next time .
B. 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視
1. coffee 咖啡
Which do you like better , tea or coffee ?
How about a cup of coffee ?
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：
(1) coffee 是不可數(shù)名詞，通過量詞可以具體化。如：She made me a cup of coffee . 她給我沏了一杯咖啡。white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡。black coffee 不加牛奶的咖啡。
(2) 目前在口語中直接在coffee后加 -s 表示幾杯幾杯咖啡。如：Waiter , two coffees , please . 服務(wù)員，來兩杯咖啡。
2. offer 作動(dòng)詞和名詞“提供，提出，奉獻(xiàn)，貢獻(xiàn)，出價(jià)”
It's very kind of you to offer me so much help . 你真好，給我提供了這么多的幫助。
offer sb 100 yuan for the bike 愿以 100 元把這輛自行車買給某人
make an offer of support 表示愿意支持
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：offer to do （主動(dòng)）提出干……
Each of them offered to be a guide for the blind man .
Finding I was poor at English , Monitor Wang offered to help me with my English .
3. prepare 準(zhǔn)備，籌備，調(diào)制，配制
They have found a way to prepare them in the form of small tablets . 他們想出辦法把它們制成小小的藥片。
Mother is busy in preparing a meal for the family . 母親正為全家人準(zhǔn)備飯。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：
(1) be well prepared for = be well prepared to do 為……做好充分的準(zhǔn)備
(2) prepare sb to do = prepare sb for sth 讓某人做好……的準(zhǔn)備
(3) prepare for 為……做好準(zhǔn)備(for 的賓語不一定是準(zhǔn)備這一動(dòng)作的直接承受者)。prepare sth準(zhǔn)備……（賓語必須是這一動(dòng)作的承受者）
The students are preparing their lessons .
The teachers are preparing lessons .
He told them to prepare for the operation at once .
(4) get ready for = get ready to do 準(zhǔn)備…… （強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）
They are preparing a party . 他們正在準(zhǔn)備宴會(huì)。
They have got ready for the party . 他們已經(jīng)為宴會(huì)做好了準(zhǔn)備。
(5) 我們準(zhǔn)備在下星期一開個(gè)會(huì)。
( 誤 )We prepare to have a meeting next Monday .
（對(duì)）We plan to (are going to) have a meeting next Monday .
4. room 空間，地方
This desk takes up too much room . 這張桌子太占地方了。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：
room 做“空間，地方”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。
I haven't much room to move here .
There's room for three more . 還有三個(gè)人的位置。
特別注意詞組 make room for “為……騰出地方；給……讓出時(shí)間”。
Would you kindly make room for my friend here ?
More room will have to be made on the programme for these performers . 節(jié)目單上一定要給這些演員多留出一些時(shí)間。
C. 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄
Lesson 29
1. No , thanks . I've had enough . 謝謝，我已經(jīng)吃飽了。
2. I'm full , thank you . 謝謝，我吃飽了。
3. take turns to do = take turns + -ing 輪流干……
The three men took turns driving so one would not be so tired .
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：用介詞短語表達(dá)“輪流”是“in turn = by turns”
4. help oneself to + 食物、香煙等“自用……”
I can help myself , thanks . 我可以自己來，謝謝。
Would you like one ? Help yourself . 你想要一個(gè)嗎 ？自己動(dòng)手吧。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：help sb to 幫某人再弄寫菜或倒點(diǎn)酒
Boys , help yourselves to more chicken and fish .
Ton , help yourself to a cigarette .
Manager Zhang , may I help you to some more meat ?
Lesson 30
1. make A into B 把 ……制成……
Cotton can be made into cloth . 棉花可以被制成布。
They are making the old kitchen into a little bedroom .
The grapes are made into wine .
2. by 1555 = by the year 1555截止到 1555年
3. become crowded (with) 擠滿了……
The hall became crowded with villagers .
4. in many different ways 以很多不同的方法
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：對(duì)比名詞與介詞的不同， by this means “用這種方法”，with this method “用這種方法”，( in ) this way “用這種方法”。
5. in the beginning 起初
In the beginning , you will find it very difficult .
In the beginning he wasn't very interested in school , but as time went by he began to enjoy it .
對(duì)比：at the beghinning (of)在……開始時(shí)
At the beginning of the summer , we are going to Dalian .
6. from one country to another 從一個(gè)國家到另一個(gè)國家
7. than ever before 比以前任何時(shí)候都比較
She now looks much older than ever before .
Because we have airplanes , we can travel from one place to another faster than ever before .
D. 單元語法學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
本單元要求復(fù)習(xí) unit 1 -- 7 中出現(xiàn)過的主要語法，如：定語從句、被動(dòng)語態(tài)和動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)。
●“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”中介詞的選用
在學(xué)習(xí)定語從句時(shí)，“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，難在何處？感到茫然的同學(xué)主要是不知道該選用什么介詞。而介詞的選用是有一定規(guī)律的，只要掌握了這些規(guī)律性的東西，解題就可迎刃而解，舉一反三了。
⒈ 看介詞與定語從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞是否有搭配關(guān)系。如：
She paid the man from whom she had borrowed some money . ( = She paid the man . She had borrowed some money from him . )（注意：borrow sth . from sb . 這一搭配關(guān)系）
In the dark street , there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help (NMET 92)（注意：turn to sb . for help 這一搭配關(guān)系）
⒉ 看介詞與定語從句的先行詞是否有搭配關(guān)系。如：
The dog died because there was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth .
此句相當(dāng)于：The dog died . There was no way it could be brought back to earth . （注意：in the way , in this / that way 這一搭配關(guān)系）又如：
He will never forget the day on which he joined the Party .（介詞 on 與先行詞 day 的搭配關(guān)系）
⒊ 看介詞與定語從句中的形容詞是否有搭配關(guān)系。如：
China is a large country with a long history of which we are greatly proud .（注意：be / feel proud of 這一習(xí)慣搭配）
The two things of which they felt very proud were Jim's gold watch and Della's hair .（1998年上海高考試題）
⒋ 若表示“所有關(guān)系”或“整體中的一部分”，則用介詞 of 。如：
I live in this room , the window of which faces south . ( = I live in this room , whose window faces south . )（表示“所有關(guān)系”）
There are over 3,000 workers in that factory , eighty-five percent of whom are women . ( =There are … , and eighty-five percent of them are women . 表示“整體中的一部分”）
China has hundreds of islands , the largest of which is Taiwan . （表示“整體中的一部分”）
● 定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞活用例析
定語從句是中學(xué)英語課本中比較復(fù)雜的一個(gè)語法項(xiàng)目，有些學(xué)生對(duì)怎樣選擇關(guān)聯(lián)詞不甚清楚，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。現(xiàn)略舉幾例加以分析說明。先比較下面例句。
1 . I'll never forget the summer holidays (which / that) I spent on the seashore .
我決不會(huì)忘記在海濱度過的那個(gè)暑假。
2 . I'll never forget the summer holidays when I worked by the seaside .
我決不會(huì)忘記在海邊工作的那個(gè)暑假。
3 . He is going to work on the island which / that needs him most .
他打算到最需要他的那座島上去工作。
4 . He is going to work on the island where he is most needed .
他打算到那座島上去工作，那里最需要他。
分析：在例1句子中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 which / that 在從句中作及動(dòng)動(dòng)詞 spent 的賓語，可省略；在例2句中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 when 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語；在例3中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 which'that 在從句中作主語，不能省略；在例4句子中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 where 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
結(jié)論：定語從句的重點(diǎn)是如何選擇關(guān)聯(lián)詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)。若關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作狀語，就應(yīng)使用關(guān)系副詞；否則就應(yīng)使用關(guān)系代記號(hào)。關(guān)系副詞 when , where , why 的使用，并不決定于其先行詞是表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的詞，而是取決于關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中充當(dāng)哪種語法成分。只有當(dāng)關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因狀語時(shí)，才能分別使用關(guān)系副詞 when , where , why 或者用 in / at / on which 代替 when , 用 in / at which 代替 where , 用 for which 代替 why；若關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作主語、賓語，則應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 which 或 that。
練習(xí)：從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。
1 . I still remember the day ____ I first came to the college .
A . on which B . in which C . at which D . which
2 . They wll never forget the day ____ they got married .
A . that B . which C . in which D . when
3 . He makes good use of the time ____ he can spare .
A . when B . that C . in that D . in which
4 . The factory ____ his mother works is in the east of the city .
A . that B . which C . on which D . where
5 . The place ____ interested me most was the Children's Palace .
A . which B . where C . what D . in which
6 . That is the reason ____he wasn't here yesterday .
A . why B . which C . on which D . in which
7 . That is the reason ____ he can't say .
A . why B . that C . what D . in which
答案與解析：
1 . A on which 可用 when 代替，在定語從句中起時(shí)間狀語的作用。 2 . D 關(guān)系副詞 when 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，可用 on which 代替。 3 . B 關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語從中作及物動(dòng)詞 spare 的賓語，可用 which，也可省略。 4 . D 關(guān)系副詞 where 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，可用 in which 代替。 5 . A 關(guān)系代詞 which 在從中作主語，可用 that 代替。 6 . A 關(guān)系副詞 why 在從中作原因狀語，可用 for which 代替。 7 . B 關(guān)系代詞 that 在從句中作及物動(dòng)詞 say 的賓語，可用 which 代替，也可省略。
● 談?wù)劚粍?dòng)語態(tài)的三種特殊情況
主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的“三步曲”是：一、將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語；二、謂語動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)形式；三、如需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；用介詞 by 引出。那么，下面的三個(gè)問題也值得我們重視。
一、不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主動(dòng)語態(tài)
1 . 賓語為抽象名詞或處所名詞。如：
She always worries about her health . 她總是擔(dān)心她的健康。
His friends left Beijing by train yesterday . 昨天他的朋友們坐火車離開了北京。
2 . 賓語為反身代詞或相互代詞。如：
They are teaching themselves English . 他們正在自學(xué)英語。
We should learn from each other . 我們應(yīng)該互相學(xué)習(xí)。
3 . 賓語為行為者身上的某部位或某器官。如：
At last he put his hands up .
4 . 賓語為表示某組織機(jī)構(gòu)的詞組。如：
His father joined the Party two years ago . 他父親兩年前入了黨。
5 . 謂語部分為一個(gè)不可分割的動(dòng)詞短語。如：
Then he made faces and jumped like a monkey . 接著他做鬼臉并象猴子一樣地跳。
二、常用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義的動(dòng)詞
英語中有一些動(dòng)詞，常和表示行為方式的狀語連用，可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示在邏輯上似乎應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示的概念。如：
This pen writes well . 這筆很好寫。
pen (筆) 怎么能自己 write (寫)呢 ? 這有點(diǎn)不合邏輯。從語法和邏輯角度看，This pen is written well . 似乎更正確。可英美人很少這樣說。他們一般都說 This pen writes well . 他們認(rèn)為這樣更簡略、更自然、更合乎習(xí)慣。
1 . 這類動(dòng)詞常見的有 open , look , read , write , smell , taste , sound , cook , wash , fill 等。如：The door opens to the south . 這道門是朝南開的。
This kind of cloth washes very well . 這種布很耐洗。
This book sells well . 這書很好銷。
2 . 這類動(dòng)詞短語常見的有：take place(=happen) , break out , belong to 等。如：
Great changes have taken place in our country . 我國已發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
A fire broke out last night . 昨晚發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)火災(zāi)。
The books on the desk belong to our teacher . 桌上的書是屬于我們老師的。
三、by 短語在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的省略問題
在被動(dòng)句中有時(shí)用 by 詞組，有時(shí)不用，這是由多種因素決定的。一般說來，當(dāng)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不太清楚，不重要或難以說出時(shí)，通常不用 by 詞組。但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或由于上下文和結(jié)構(gòu)上所需則使用 by 詞組。
1 . 下列情況下，by 短語不能省略。
①主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語是句子中的強(qiáng)調(diào)成分。如：
Even a child can answer this question . →This question can be answered even by a child .
②省去 by 短語，句子意思不完整或者含糊不清。如：
Miss Gao teaches us English . →We are taught English by Miss Gao .
③主動(dòng)語態(tài)以疑問代詞作主語的句子。如：
Who discovered America ? →Who(Whom) was America discover ?
④用英文表達(dá)漢語的“被，由，為……所……”等意思。如：
Telephone was invented by Bell .
The boy was beaten by his father .
2 . 下列情況下，by 短語可以省略
①主動(dòng)語態(tài)是“主+謂+賓+狀”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
They completed the building in 1996 . →
The building was completed in 1996 .
②主動(dòng)語態(tài)含有雙賓語。如：
He gave me some advice . →
I was given some advice .
Some advice was given (to) me .
③主動(dòng)語態(tài)中含有復(fù)合賓語。如：I saw him go downstairs . → He was seen to go downstairs .
④主動(dòng)語態(tài)中含有賓語從句。如：I believe that he will keep his word . → He is believed to keep his word . (=It is believed that he will keep his word . )
●被動(dòng)含義 主動(dòng)意義
英語中，我們多用 be +v . -ed 結(jié)構(gòu)來表示被動(dòng)含義；但有時(shí)也可用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)意義。有主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義是一種特殊的語態(tài)現(xiàn)象，常見的有：
一、在動(dòng)詞 need , want , require , bear , deserve 等后常用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被意義。例如：
① The civil quality of the whole nation needs improving . 全民族的文化素質(zhì)需要提高。
② Every truth requires testing through practice . 一切真理都需要經(jīng)受實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)。
③ The river dam wants reinforcing . 這道河堤需要加固。
④ His words won't bear repeating . 他的話不堪重述。
一般地，這些動(dòng)名詞都可用不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來代替。如上述第三例可改為：The river dam wants to be reinforced .
二、在 be worth doing 結(jié)構(gòu)中，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。例如：
If a thing is worth doing , it should be done well . 值得做的事就一定要做好。
三、有些及物動(dòng)詞在某些特定場(chǎng)合下，常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。這類動(dòng)詞有 write , read , clean , lock , wear , wash , catch , work , cut , draw , start 等。例如：
This kind of cloth cleans easily . 這種布(料)易洗。
This home-made pen writes smoothly . 這支國產(chǎn)筆很好寫。
His book does not sell . 他的書沒有銷路。
Her letter read like this . 她的信是這樣寫的。
The car can't start . 這輛車開不動(dòng)(發(fā)動(dòng)不了)。
The recorder won't play . 這臺(tái)錄音機(jī)不轉(zhuǎn)了。
四、某些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞被當(dāng)作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)含有被動(dòng)意義，但不能用被動(dòng)式。這類動(dòng)詞有 look , sound , feel , taste , smell , keep , stay 等。例如：
You look pale . What's the matter ? 你的臉蒼白，是怎么回事 ?
His theory sounds reasonable . 你的理論聽起來很有道理。
Good medicine tastes bitter . 良藥苦口。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge . 食物在冰箱里能保鮮。
The shop stays open till 8:00 p . m . 這家商店一直要開到晚上八點(diǎn)。
五、在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，下列情況要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義：
1 . 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語以動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的身份出現(xiàn)在句中時(shí)，例如：
Do you have anything to say for yourself before you die ? 你死前有什么話要說嗎 ?
The theory is too abstract for a child to understand . 這理論太抽象，孩子不能理解。
2 . 在“be +形容詞+ to 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
He is hard to satisfy . 他很難滿足。
I don't think this so-called big movie is terribly interesting to watch . 我認(rèn)為這部所謂的巨片并不十分好看。
3 . There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，作定語的不定式多用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，但也可用被動(dòng)式，意義上一般無差別。例如：
There is no time to lose / be lost . 沒有時(shí)間可浪費(fèi)了。
但當(dāng)句中主語為 something , anything , nothing 時(shí)，作定語的不定式用主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)式其含義有區(qū)別：
There's nothing to do - I'm bored . 無事可干椢頤頻沒擰?/P>
There's nothing to be done - I'll have to give it up . 沒辦法椢抑緩梅牌?/P>
4 . 在 be to blame , be to let 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式的主、被動(dòng)形式都可表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。例如：
He is not to blame . 他不該被責(zé)備。
Are the cameras to let ? 這些相機(jī)出租嗎 ?
六、在某些介詞后，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。常見介詞有 past , beyond , above 等。例如：
The question is beyond / above teenagers understanding . 這個(gè)問題還不能被十幾歲的孩子理解。
The pain was almost past bearing . 疼痛幾乎無法(被)忍受。
最后補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)。不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)式，這是我們都知道的；可是有的同學(xué)由于受漢語思維習(xí)慣的影響，常將這樣一些詞或詞組用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。最易被這樣誤用的詞(組)有 happen , last , spread , end , take place , break out 等。現(xiàn)舉幾例，以示其正確用法：
The newly - imported foreign film lasts almost three hours . 這部進(jìn)口的外國影片幾乎要放映三個(gè)小時(shí)。
Great changes have taken place in the whole world since the end of World War Ⅱ . 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來，整個(gè)世界已發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
The news spread quickly in the town . 消息在城里迅速傳開。
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
● 定語從句典型錯(cuò)誤例析
1. 誤：The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth .
正：The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth .
析：雖然finger 后省掉了在定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 that / which ，但是定語從句中也不能重復(fù)先行詞，故 it 多余。
2. 誤：Mary was late for the meeting again , that made the manager angry .
正：Mary was late for the meeting again , which made the manager angry .
析：逗號(hào)之后不用關(guān)系代詞 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，而用 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句修飾前面整個(gè)句子，并在從句中作主語等。
3. 誤： The students , many of them are girls , have come back to school .
正： The students , many of whom are girls , have come back to school .
析：介詞或介詞短語后的定語從句不用關(guān)系代詞that 。若修飾人時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用 whom，修飾物時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用 which 。如：The knife with which he cut the branch is sharp .
4. 誤：Is this farm which you visited last time ?
正：Is this farm the one you visited last time ?
析：上例中 this farm 為主語而非先行詞。因此誤句缺少表語 the one ，即缺少后面定語從句的先行詞。
5. 誤：You are the only one of the girls who dance well .
正： You are the only one of the girls who dances well .
析：定語從句部分的謂語形式必須與行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。上例中先行詞 the (only)one 為單數(shù)。對(duì)比：You are one of the girls who dance well. (先行詞為 the girls )
6. 誤：I won't forget the time when I spent in the countryside .
正： I won't forget the time I spent in the countryside .
析：先行詞 the time 在從句中作動(dòng)詞 spent 的賓語，而非時(shí)間狀語。因此關(guān)系代詞which 或that 可省。
7. 誤： All what he said is true .
正： All he said is true .
析：先行詞為 all 時(shí)定語從句用 that 引導(dǎo)，且 that 作賓語時(shí)可省，此句相當(dāng)于主語從句 What he said is true . 但 what 不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
8. 誤：Tom , for whose life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .
正：Tom , for whom life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .
析：定語從句中介詞 for 提前，life 應(yīng)是從句部分的主語。若先行詞置于從句中應(yīng)為 Life had once been very hard for Tom .
9. 誤： There are a lot of people plant trees there .
正：There are a lot of people who plant trees there .
析：主句為 There are a lot of people .先行詞 people 在定語從句中做主語，故從句部分缺少關(guān)系代詞。
10. 誤：I often go to the street which she lives .
正：I often go to the street where she lives .
析：定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞 live 是不及物動(dòng)詞，因此先行詞 street 在從句中應(yīng)作地點(diǎn)狀語而非賓語，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)從句，相當(dāng)于 in which .
【妙文賞析】
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從1～25各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出一個(gè)最佳答案。
“Unless I get a rise , I'll have to talk with the (1) , Henry Manley , ”George Strong said to himself . George liked his job and e liked the town (2) he lived , (3) his wife kept telling him that his pay was not enough to (4) the needs of the family . That was (5) he was thinking of taking a job in Birmingham , a nearby city about 50 miles (6) . He had been offered a (7) in a factory there , and the pay was far away .
George lived in Wyeford , a medium-sized town . He (8) liked the place and didn't like the(9) of moving somewhere else , but if he took the job in Birmingham , he (10) move his family there .
Henry Manley was the manager of a small (11) producing electric motors . The company was (12) deep trouble because , among other reasons , the Japanese were (13) such things (14) very low prices . (15) , Manley had to (16) his own prices and profits(利潤) as well (17) he would not get any (18) at al . Even then , orders were sill not coming in fast enough , so that there was no money for (19) for his workers . Somehow , he had to struggle along and keep his best (20) as well . He sighed (嘆息) . Just then the phone rang .
His secretary told him that George Strong wanted to see him as soon as possible . Manley (21) again . He could guess (22) it was about . Strong was a very young engineer (23) had no future (24) it could attract and keep men like him . Manley rubbed his forehead ; his problems seemed (25) .
1 . A . worker B . boss C . secretary D . engineer
2 . A . where B . how C . which D . why
3 . A . and B . so C . therefore D . but
4 . A . support B . spend C . meet D . have
5 . A . why B . how C . what D . where
6 . A . far B . faraway C . away D . far away
7 . A . car B . telephone C . house D . job
8 . A . partly B . really C . hardly D . somewhat
9 . A . fact B . idea C . suggestion D . plan
10 .A. will have to B . had to C . would have to D . have to
11 . A . store B . company C . town D . place
12 . A . at B . in C . with D . for
13. A. collecting B . buying C . seeking D . selling
14 . A . in B . with C . for D . at
15.A. As a result B . Above all C . In return D . At first
16 . A . improve B . cut C . raise D . keep
17. A . therefore B . however C . otherwise D . and so
18 . A . money B . orders C . profit D . reward
19 . A . pays B . improvement C . raises D . rise
20 . A . workers B . secretary C . machines D . products
21 . A . smiled B . sighed C . rang D . thought
22 . A . how B . that C . what D . who
23 . A . George B . Manley C . The factory D . The company
24 . A . unless B. until C . if D . even if
25 . A . over B . finished C . endless D . settled
〖答案與賞析〗1 . B 見文中第三段第一句。 2 . A where 在此引導(dǎo)定語從句，相當(dāng)于 in which 作狀語，故選 A。 3 . D 據(jù)文章意思這里表轉(zhuǎn)折。 4 . C meet ，意為“滿足”，常與 needs 搭配使用，meet the needs of 是“滿足……的需要”之意。A . support(支撐)、B . spend(花費(fèi))、D . have(擁有)都不合題意。 5 . A 這里表原因。 6 . C A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的詞均不可與數(shù)字連用。 7 . D 由文意決定。8 . B 不想搬家正是因?yàn)?George 確實(shí)喜歡這個(gè)地方。 9 . B 該句是說 George 不喜歡這一想法，這里并不涉及別人的建議問題，故C不對(duì)。A、D也不合題意。 10 . C 該句是虛擬語氣，表示對(duì)將來的一種假設(shè)，故主句該用 would have to。 11 . B 下句有揭示。 12 . B in (deep) trouble 是固定搭配，意為“處于困境中”。 13 . D 這家公司的電動(dòng)機(jī)之所以不好銷是由于日本人正在以低價(jià)銷售這種產(chǎn)品的原因所致，A、B、C不合題意。 14 . D (sell) at low prices 或(sell) at a low price 為固定搭配，意為“以低價(jià)(出售)”。 15 . A 此處表結(jié)果。其它三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不符合邏輯。 16 . B 這里指“降低價(jià)格”，符合題意，A、C、D與題意不符。 17 . C therefore(因此)、however(然而)、and so(表遞進(jìn))，均不合題意，故選 otherwise “否則；要不然的話”。 18 . B 下句有提示。 19 . C 據(jù)文章的意思公司是沒錢給工人提高工資，而并非連工資都發(fā)不下來。 20 . A 要想使公司能正常維持下去，Manley 就必須設(shè)法留住最好的工人，后文提到的 George 就是一例。 21 . B 據(jù)上下文情景及 again 一詞推斷。 22 . C what 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，并指代 Strong 所想和 Manley 談話的內(nèi)容，語法上做介詞 about 的賓語，A、B 項(xiàng)均不能做 about 的賓語，D意思不對(duì)。 23 . D 留不住像 George 這樣的好工人，當(dāng)然首先是公司的前景不妙，且文章第三段第一、二句提示有 the company，故A、B、C項(xiàng)均不合題意。 24 . A unless 表?xiàng)l件，意為“除非……”，在此符合題意。 25 . C 接踵而至的問題，自然讓人感到 Manley 的麻煩似乎沒完沒了，A、B、D項(xiàng)意思正好相反，故均不合題意。
【思維體操】
下面是有關(guān)新教材中的習(xí)語，它們?cè)陂喿x中具有重要作用，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)注釋理解所給例句的漢語意思。
顏 色 類
1. be black and blue ---- be covered with bruises 渾身青紫，遍體鱗傷：
It was the first time I had ridden a horse and I was black and blue after it.
2. in black and white ---- written down 白紙寫黑字；寫下來：
Please don't think I mistrust you, but I would prefer to have our agreement in black and white.
3. give someone a black look ---- look angrily at sb 怒視某人：
He gave me such a black look that I decided not to mention the subject again.
4. feel blue ---- feel sad, feel miserable 憂郁的,沮喪的,煩悶的：
If you're feeling blue, a couple of drinks may cheer you up.
5. out of the blue ---- unexpectedly 意外的，突然地：
The news of her marriage came out of the blue.
6. have green fingers ---- be good at gardening 擅長園藝：
I can't tell an apple tree from a pear tree, but my wife has very green fingers.
7. be green ---- inexperienced ;easily deceived 無經(jīng)驗(yàn)的,易受騙的：
He's still rather green, but a couple of years in the army will make him wiser.
8. be/go grey ---- be/become grey-haired 頭發(fā)變灰白：
Although still young, he is going very grey.
9. be in the pink ---- be very well in health 非常健康：
I'm in the pink, and hope you are too.
10. be/go purple with rage ---- be/become extremely angry 氣得臉色發(fā)紫；極其生氣：
When I asked him to pay me what he owed ,he went purple with rage.
11. go red ---- blush 臉紅，害臊：
When asked to recite her poem, the girl went red and could not say a word.
12. see red ---- lose control of oneself through anger 氣得眼睛都紅了；怒不可遏：
When she sees her cat being ill treated, she sees red.
13. be in the red ---- owe money, especially to a bank 有赤字； 負(fù)有債務(wù)，虧空：
Sales began to drop and the company was soon in the red.
14. get out of the red ---- get out of debt to a bank 不再欠（銀行的）債，不再虧空：
I only need ＄1000 to get out of the red.
15. catch someone red-handed ---- catch someone in the act of committing a crime （犯罪時(shí)）當(dāng)場(chǎng)捉住，當(dāng)場(chǎng)捕獲：
The shop detective caught him red-handed as he was slipping a packet of cigarettes into his pocket.
16. be/go white ---- be/ become pale in the face with fear 嚇得臉色蒼白：
When the police arrived he went white and looked around for a way to escape.
17. as white as a sheet/ghost --- very pale in the face 臉色蒼白：
The injured man lay on the ground, as white as a sheet.
18. tell a white lie -- tell a lie which is regarded as harmless and excusable 講不懷惡意的謊言：
I didn't want to offend him ,so I told a white lie and said I didn't know.
19. be yellow ---- not brave 膽小的，卑怯的：
The serfs were too yellow to stand up and fight.
20. in a brown study ---- thinking deeply 沉思冥想：
He heard bad news this morning and he's been in a brown study all day.
動(dòng)物、昆蟲、鳥、魚類
1. as quiet as a mouse----very quiet ,silent 一聲不響；非常安靜：
He sat as quiet as a mouse and listened to her story.
2. as busy as a bee----very busy 非常忙碌；
Whenever she has guests for dinner ,she's as busy as a bee all day.
3. as brave as a lion----very brave 勇猛如獅；非常勇敢：
He may be small and not very strong ,but he's as brave as a lion.
4. as proud as a peacock----very proud 非常高傲：
The boy was as proud as a peacock when he showed me his new football boots.
5. a wolf in sheep's clothing---- a person who seems a friend but is really an enemy; a person who disguises his real intentions 披著羊皮的豺狼；偽裝友善的敵人：
Don't listen to his soft words; he's a wolf in sheep's clothing.
6. smell a rat ---- suspect that something is wrong 感到有可疑之處，覺得事情不妙：
Hs spoke very persuasively but I smelled a rat and refused his offer.
7. make an ass of oneself----seem foolish, behave so that one is laughed at 做傻事，使自己出洋相：
He was not used to public speaking and made a complete ass of himself.
8. make a pig of oneself----eat or drink one's fill吃（喝）個(gè)夠：
We made pigs of ourselves on her cakes.
9. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush --- something is worth more than a risk which might be profitable 雙鳥在林不如 一鳥在手；
If you invest this money you might make a fortune; but a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
10. kill two birds with one stone ----achieve two aims at once 一箭雙雕；一舉兩得：
I killed two birds with one stone by going to the bank on my way to the shops.
11. rain cats and dogs ---- rain very hard 大雨滂沱，下傾盆大雨：
It rained cats and dogs all day and we could not go out.
12. a cat-and-dog life ---- (husband and wife) a life full of quarrels （指夫婦）象貓狗一樣不和的生活；過著經(jīng)常爭吵的生活：
They have led a cat-and- dog life ever since they were married.
（注意：lead/live a dog's life-- live a miserable life 過著牛馬不如的日子，過著悲慘地的日子）
13. count one's chickens before they are hatched ---- be over-confident of success 蛋未孵，先取雛；過早樂觀：
You think you have won the election, but don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
14. as blind as a bat ---- having very poor eyesight 瞎得象蝙蝠 一樣；眼力不行的；
Without my glasses I'm as blind as a bat.
15. let sleeping dogs lie ---- not disturb someone or something which may give trouble, not to look for trouble 莫