重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)用法
1．include的用法
include有較多譯法，要根據(jù)上下文來(lái)理解它的含義。例如：
①You'll find the plan includes most of your suggestions.
你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃里包括了你們的大部分建議。
②The Chinese nation includes more than 50 national minorities besides the Hans.
中華民族除了漢族外，還包括五十多個(gè)少數(shù)民族。
③Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood, including old people.
這里所有的人，包括老人，都參加了防洪斗爭(zhēng)。
④Everybody had something to say, me included/ including me.
所有的人，包括我在內(nèi)，都有些話要說(shuō)。
2．動(dòng)詞date的用法
1)date用作及物動(dòng)詞，表示“在某物上寫(xiě)上日期”。
①Don't forget to date your cheque.
別忘了在支票上寫(xiě)日期。
②His last letter was dated 24 May.
他最后一封信的日期是五月二十四號(hào)。
2)date還可表示“鑒定某物的年代”
①I can't date that house exactly, but it must be very old.
我不能準(zhǔn)確地確定那所房子的年代，但一定非常古老。
3)date back to/ from 可表示“自某時(shí)代存在至今”的意思
①This castle dates from the 14th century.
這座城堡建于14世紀(jì)。
②Our partnershhip dates back to 1960.
我們從1960年起就合伙了。
3．fun的用法
1)fun用作抽象名詞，意為“高興，樂(lè)趣”，不可數(shù)，前面一般不加冠詞。
①What fun we had!
我們玩得多高興呀！
②The play at the theatre was very poor fun.
劇場(chǎng)里上演的那臺(tái)戲太沒(méi)意思了。
③Swimming in the sea is great fun on holiday.
在海里游泳是假期的一大樂(lè)事。
2)fun也可表示“有趣的人或事”，也用作不可數(shù)，不加冠詞。
①M(fèi)r. Jones is great fun.
Jones先生是個(gè)很有趣的人。
②It's not much fun going to a party alone.
獨(dú)自一個(gè)人去參加聚會(huì)沒(méi)什么意思。
▲習(xí)語(yǔ)make fun of意為”取笑……”。
①It is wrong to make fun of a cripple.
嘲笑殘疾人是不對(duì)的。
②People make fun of her because she wears such a strange hat.
人們?nèi)⌒λ驗(yàn)樗髁隧斈敲雌婀值拿弊印?/p>
▲have fun意為“玩得高興，過(guò)得快活”，fun前通常有 no much, a lot of等修飾語(yǔ)。
①We have a lot of fun in the park.
我們?cè)诠珗@玩得很快活。
②Have fun! 玩?zhèn)�痛快！
▲(just) for fun; for fun of it; (just) in fun ，意為“取樂(lè)，非認(rèn)真地，當(dāng)笑話”
①I'm learning to cook, just for fun of it.
我正在學(xué)做飯，做著玩兒而已。
②He only said it in fun----he didn't really mean it.
他只是說(shuō)著玩兒--并非那這個(gè)意思。
③It is for fun that they did it.
他們干這事兒是開(kāi)開(kāi)玩笑的。
4．discover的用法
discover [dis'k)v+] vt. 發(fā)現(xiàn)(已存在但并不為人所知的事，通常指地方或科學(xué)事實(shí))；知道。discover的基本用法如下：
1)跟名詞或代詞：
①It was Madame Curie who discovered the element radium.
是居里夫人發(fā)現(xiàn)了鐳元素。
②Columbus discovered America in 1492.
哥倫布于1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。
2)跟從句：
③It was discovered that our food was running short.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)糧食快完了。
④We discovered that he was an enemy spy.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)敵特。
3)跟帶連接詞的不定式：
⑤We never discovered how to open the box.
我們找不出打開(kāi)盒子的方法。
4)跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：
⑥We discovered him to be an enemy spy.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)敵特。
⑦We discovered them sitting around a fire talking.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們圍坐在篝火旁談話。
5．unless的用法
unless在本單元中是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于if…not，常譯為“如果……不……”，“非……不可”，“除非”。unless是具有否定意義的連接詞，因此當(dāng)使用unless引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)其謂語(yǔ)形式一般是用肯定形式。使用unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1)unless相當(dāng)于if…not，兩者常可交替使用。如：
Unless the rain stops, I shall not go out for a walk. (=If the rain doesn't stop, I shall not go out for a walk.)
倘若雨不停，我就不出去散步了。
2)如if…not引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句時(shí)，一般不可改為unless。如：
If he weren't so silly, he would understand.
如果他不傻的話，他會(huì)明白(事實(shí)上他很傻)。
3)如果unless引導(dǎo)的從句本身是否定形式，unless就不能由if…not所替代。如：
You'll do well in the English examination unless you don't do your homework.
這次英語(yǔ)考試你會(huì)考得好的，除非你平時(shí)不做作業(yè)。
6．do用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣
助動(dòng)詞do可用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的肯定陳述句中，與動(dòng)詞原形連用，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，在句中要重讀。如：
①You do look nice today.
你今天看起來(lái)確實(shí)很漂亮。
②She does speak well.
她的確講得很好。
③I don't take much exercise now, but I did play football quite a bit when I was younger.
我現(xiàn)在不怎么運(yùn)動(dòng)了，但是我年輕時(shí)確實(shí)很喜歡踢足球。
④Do tell me what happened.
請(qǐng)務(wù)必告訴我發(fā)生了什么事。
⑤Do have another photo!
請(qǐng)?jiān)賮?lái)一份照片吧！
7．a(chǎn)fford的用法
1)與can, could, be able to連用，表示“為(某目的)有足夠的錢、時(shí)間、地方等”。常接名詞、代詞或不定式。
①They walked because they couldn't afford (to take) a taxi.
他們因?yàn)樽黄鸪鲎廛嚩叫小?/p>
②We can't afford to pay such a price.
這么高的價(jià)錢我們付不起。
③She can't afford a new dress.
她沒(méi)錢買新衣服。
④I'd love to go on a holiday but I can't afford the time.
我倒想去度假，可是抽不出時(shí)間來(lái)。
⑤We would give more examples if we could afford the space.
假如我們能勻出篇幅來(lái)，就可以多舉些例子。
2)可與can或could連用，表示“(不)能冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而做某事”。
①I mustn't annoy my boss because I can't afford to lose my job.
我可得罪不起老板，因?yàn)槲疑岵坏脕G掉這份工作。
②You can ill afford to criticize others when you behave so badly yourself.
本身行為不正，不宜批評(píng)別人。
8．spare 的用法
1)spare用作形容詞，表示“多余的、剩余的、備用的”
①Do you carry a spare wheel in your car?
你車上有備用胎嗎？
②We have no spare room (space) for a table.
我們沒(méi)有放桌子的空地方。
③I wish we had a spare room.
我們要是有一間富余的臥室就好了。
④I have no spare money this month.
這個(gè)月我沒(méi)有余錢。
2)spare用作形容詞還可表示“(時(shí)間)空閑的，未被占用的”
①M(fèi)rs. Smith is a busy woman with little spare time.
史密斯夫人是個(gè)忙得沒(méi)有空的人。
②He paints in his spare time.
他在空閑時(shí)繪畫(huà)。
3)spare可用作名詞，表示“(機(jī)器、汽車等的)備件”，尤指“汽車備用車輪”。
①I've got a puncture and my spare is flat too!
我的車胎扎破了，備用的也癟了。
②I'll show you where the spares are kept.
我來(lái)指給你看放備件的地方。
4)spare 用作動(dòng)詞，表示“不傷害(某人，某物)；饒恕，寬容”的意思。
①They killed the men but spared the children.
他們把男人都?xì)⒘耍胚^(guò)了孩子。
②The woodman spared a few tress.
伐木工廠留下了幾棵樹(shù)沒(méi)砍掉。
5)spare用作動(dòng)詞，表示“節(jié)制使用或提供(某物)，吝惜；節(jié)約”的意思，多用于否定句中。
①No trouble was spared to ensure our comfort.
為了舒適，我們已竭盡全力。
②He doesn't spare himself.
他不偷懶。
6)spare 用作動(dòng)詞，還可表示“(為某人或某目的)提供時(shí)間、金錢、物等)；撥出、勻出、分出”的意思。
①I can't spare the time for a holiday at the moment.
目前我抽不出時(shí)間去度假。
②Can you spare me a few minutes of your time?
我能耽擱你幾分鐘嗎？
③Can you spare me a few litres of petrol?
你能勻給我?guī)咨蛦幔?/p>
④Can you spare a cigarette for me?
給我根煙行嗎？
重要詞組短語(yǔ)
1．“be of+ 名詞”的用法
1)be of+ 表示性質(zhì)的名詞(= be+ 相應(yīng)的形容詞)。例如：
①This question is of importance. (=This question is important.)
這個(gè)問(wèn)題是重要的。
②The medicine is of no use to him. (=The medicine is useless to him.)\
這藥對(duì)他沒(méi)有效。
③Their suggestions are of much value. (=Their suggestions are very valuable.)
他們的建議是很寶貴的。
2)be of+ 表示種類、顏色、年齡、尺寸大小等的名詞。例如：
①These computers are of the same type.
這些電腦是一種類型的。
②Her eyes are of a dark grey colour.
她的眼睛是深灰色的。
③They are of the same age.
他們年齡相同。
④Your shirt and mine are of medium size.
你的襯衫和我的襯衫都是中號(hào)的。
2．such as 的用法說(shuō)明
1)such as 表示“例如……，像……那樣的”，用作列舉事物，最好不要再用etc.
①Nouns such as book, pen, apple and toy are countable nouns.
像書(shū)、筆、蘋果和玩具這類名詞，稱其為可數(shù)名詞。
②There are few poets such as Keats and Shelley.
像濟(jì)慈和雪萊那樣的詩(shī)人現(xiàn)在少了。
③The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton and soybeans.這個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)種植各種各樣的莊稼，例如小麥、玉米、棉花和大豆等。
2)such as 表示“例如……”時(shí)，不可將前面所述數(shù)量全部列出。如果需要全部列出，則用namely。
①He knows six languages, such as Chinese, Russian and Spanish.
他懂六種語(yǔ)言，如漢語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)。
②He knows six languages, namely, Chinese, Russian, English, French, Spanish and Portugease.
他懂六種語(yǔ)言，即漢語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)和葡萄牙語(yǔ)。
3．start doing 和start to do的區(qū)別
1)當(dāng)我們談?wù)撘豁?xiàng)長(zhǎng)期的或習(xí)慣性的活動(dòng)時(shí)，用doing形式的情形較多。
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你最初彈鋼琴的時(shí)候有多大？
*比較 She sat down at the piano and started to play.
她在鋼琴前坐下開(kāi)始彈了起來(lái)。
2)start 的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)之后，不用doing形式。
①I was starting to get angry.
我開(kāi)始發(fā)火了。
②I am starting to cook the dinner.
我正要開(kāi)始煮飯。
3)在 start 之后出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞涉及感情或思想(如 understand, realize等)時(shí)，只可用不定式。
①She started to understand what he really wanted.
她開(kāi)始明白他真正想要什么。
②She started to wonder why he was here.
她開(kāi)始覺(jué)得奇怪為什么他會(huì)在這兒。
4)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物不是人時(shí)，要用不定式。
The ice started to melt.
冰開(kāi)始溶化了。
【注】begin 用法與start在以上各點(diǎn)上相同。
4．be made from 與be made of 之間的區(qū)別
1)be made from(由……制成)，指由什么原料制成，其制成品已變得看不出原料。例如：
①The wine is made from rice.
這種酒是由稻谷釀制而成的。
②Butter is made from milk.
黃油是牛奶制成的。
2)be made of(由……制成)，指由什么原料制成，其制成品能看得出原料。例如：
The bridge is made of stones.
這座橋是由石頭砌的。
3)be made up of 意為“由……構(gòu)成”。例如：
Our class is made up of six small groups.
我們班由六個(gè)小組構(gòu)成。
5．throw…away 意為“扔掉”。例如：
①This is your last chance; don't throw it away.
這是你最后的機(jī)會(huì)了，別扔掉。
②All his efforts were thrown away.
他的一切努力都白費(fèi)了。
6．sooner or later 意為“遲早”。例如：
①They will come sooner or later.
他們遲早會(huì)來(lái)的。
②We will succeed sooner or later if we keep studying hard.
如果我們堅(jiān)持努力學(xué)習(xí)，我們遲早會(huì)成功的。
7．would like 的用法
would like 常用來(lái)表示“愿意”之意，尤其是禮貌地提出邀請(qǐng)或愿意提供幫助時(shí)。like后可接名詞或帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，但不接動(dòng)詞-ing 形式。如：
①Would you like some bananas?
你想吃香蕉嗎？
②Would you like to go there with me tomorrow?
明天你愿意和我一起去那兒?jiǎn)幔?/p>
【注意】用這種邀請(qǐng)句時(shí)，
肯定回答用：“Yes, I'd love to.”
否定回答用：“I'd love to, but…”
③I'd like to see your ten-speed bicycles.
我想看看你們的十速自行車。
常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1．“It is(was)+adj. +(for/of sb.)to do sth.”是一常用句型，表示“對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事是怎么怎么樣的”之意。例如：
①It is important for us to read English every day.
對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，每天讀英語(yǔ)是很重要的。
②It is possible for us to travel to the moon.
對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，到月球旅行是可能的。
③It is not easy for us to learn English well.
對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是不容易的。
④It is very kind of you to help us with our English study.
你幫助我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)真是太謝謝你了。
2．句型“It is known that…”中的it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的thatclause，相當(dāng)于“People know that…”。例如：
①It is known that a new factory will be built in our village.
據(jù)說(shuō)我們村里將建一座新工廠。
②It is known that the fire will be put out soon.
據(jù)說(shuō)大火將會(huì)很快被撲滅。
③It is known that more than 150 people had been killed in the earthquake.
據(jù)說(shuō)，那次地震中有150多人喪生。
3．句型：It is/ was + adj. +that-clause.
用于這種句型的形容詞有：clear, true, strange, (im) possible, good, wonderful, funny, unusual等。例如：
①It is very clear that he studies harder than ever.
很清楚他學(xué)習(xí)比先前更努力了。
②It's strange that he should have said that.
很奇怪，他竟會(huì)說(shuō)出那種話。
③It's impossible that he will be here in time.
他不可能會(huì)及時(shí)到這兒。
④Is it true that he passed the exam?
他真的考試及格了？
4．常用的打電話用語(yǔ)(Making telephone calls)
1)Hello! May I speak to…?
喂，我可以同……通話嗎？(這是電話接通后找人的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。)
【注意】最好不說(shuō)：I want to speak to…，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)氣不太客氣。
2)Is that…(speaking)?
你是……嗎？(這是問(wèn)對(duì)方是不是某人時(shí)的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。
也可以說(shuō)：Is that you, Mrs Black?
【注意】要避免說(shuō)：Are you Mrs Black?)
3)Hold on, please. 請(qǐng)等一下。
(這是讓對(duì)方別放下電話，去給找人的說(shuō)法。)
這句話也可說(shuō)成：Hold the line, please. 或：Hold on a second, please.
He/ She isn't here right now. 他(她)現(xiàn)在不在呀。
(告訴對(duì)方某人沒(méi)在這兒。)
也可這樣說(shuō)：Sorry, but he's out.
Can I take a message for you?
給您留個(gè)口信好嗎？
(句中的take a message for sb. 是“給……捎個(gè)信兒”的意思。句中的Can換成Could，語(yǔ)氣更為客氣。)
4)I called to tell/ask you…
我打電話告訴(問(wèn)，讓)你……
(這個(gè)句式可用來(lái)說(shuō)明打電話具體內(nèi)容。)
I called to tell you all about it.
I called to ask you a question.
▲這個(gè)句式后面常接從句。如：
I called to tell you that he had gone to Beijing.
He called to ask you if he could come here.
5)Goodbye. 再見(jiàn)！
(打完電話要說(shuō)Goodbye！一般由主動(dòng)打電話的人先說(shuō)。)
【注意】用例(供參考)：
A：(sound of telephone ringing) Hello!
B：Hello! May I speak to John?
A：Hold on, please, I'll fetch him up.
B：OK, Thank you.
A：He isn't here right now.
B：I called at two this afternoon, but nobody was in.
A：Oh, sorry. Could I take a message for you? He's out.
B：Oh, yes, Tell him to give me a call when he returns.
A：OK, I'll tell him that you called and I'll ask him to ring you up when he comes back.
B：Thank you very much. Goodbye!
A：Good-bye!
5．表示道歉和應(yīng)答(Apologies and responses)說(shuō)法
1)I'm sorry. (Sorry.)
對(duì)不起！(抱歉！)(這是表示道歉的普通用語(yǔ)，其中Sorry更為隨便些。)
I'm sorry for/about…
對(duì)不起，我…(在for或about后一般接名詞或動(dòng)詞 -ing 形式，表示道歉的內(nèi)容。)
I'm sorry for not phoning you.
對(duì)不起，沒(méi)給你打電話。
Sorry about the noise last night.
對(duì)不起，昨天夜里吵了你們。
【注意】I'm sorry. 有時(shí)表示難過(guò)和后悔等意，這時(shí)在意思上不同于“道歉”。如：
I'm sorry to hear that he failed again.
聽(tīng)說(shuō)他又失敗了，我很難過(guò)。
I'm sorry she didn't come.
真可惜，她沒(méi)有來(lái)。
Excuse me.
“請(qǐng)?jiān)彙保颉皩?duì)不起”。
用這句話表示歉意，實(shí)際上是一種打招呼的口頭語(yǔ)。一般多用于對(duì)陌生人詢問(wèn)，請(qǐng)求某事之前，或者用在打斷別人講話之前，表示不同意見(jiàn)以及暫時(shí)要離開(kāi)一會(huì)兒等場(chǎng)合。如：
Excuse me, sir, will you tell me the way to the station?
勞駕！先生，請(qǐng)問(wèn)去車站走哪條路？
當(dāng)你在人前打噴嚏時(shí)，或不小心碰了別人時(shí)都要說(shuō) Excuse me，這樣顯得有禮貌。
2)That's all right. 沒(méi)關(guān)系。
(這是回答別人道歉時(shí)的普通用語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)氣較隨便。)
也可說(shuō)成：That's OK. It doesn't matter. 不要緊。
(這也是回答道歉的常用語(yǔ)，其意思與“Never mind. ”相同。)
That's nothing. 沒(méi)什么。
(也是一句普通的回答道歉常用語(yǔ)。
▲像這樣的用語(yǔ)還有：It's not your fault. Not at all.等。
【注意】用例(供參考)：
①
A：Excuse me, but is it seven o'clock yet?
B：I'm sorry, but I haven't a watch.
A：It doesn't matter.
I'll try the man over there. He will know.
②
A：I'm sorry for the inconvenience.
B：That's all right.
③
A：Sorry, did I step on your toe?
B：That's nothing.
6．表示遺憾和同情(Regrets and sympathy)的說(shuō)法
1)What a pity！真可惜！
(這是用于表示遺憾，失望的普通用語(yǔ)，如果語(yǔ)氣較隨便些，可用：What a shame! 真可惜！Just our luck! 真倒霉！等感嘆句。)
2)I'm sorry to hear…聽(tīng)說(shuō)……我很難過(guò)。
(這是表示同情的常用句式。在hear后可用of短語(yǔ)或that從句等。如：I'm sorry to hear of it. 或 I'm sorry to hear that. 聽(tīng)到這件事我很難過(guò)。又如：I'm sorry to hear that you are ill. 聽(tīng)說(shuō)你病了，我很不安。)
【注意】用例(供參考)：
①
A：I hear that she hasn't passed the examination.
B：What a pity! I'm sorry to hear that.
②
A：Oh dear, I'm sorry to hear what they've told me.
B：Yes, What a pity! I should have bought…
7．It doesn't matter…
此句型后常可帶if, what, who, where引導(dǎo)的從句。
①It doesn't matter if I miss the train, because there's another later.
我要是誤了這趟火車也不要緊，因?yàn)楹筮呥�有一班車呢。
②It doesn't matter do me what you do.
你做什么我都無(wú)所謂。
③It doesn't matter whether you get there early or late.
無(wú)論你早到還是遲到，都無(wú)關(guān)緊要。
【注】此句型也可用于疑問(wèn)句中，Does it matter…, what does it matter…?
①Does it matter if we're a bit late?
我們晚到一會(huì)兒有關(guān)系嗎？
②Does it matter a great deal to him whether they come or not?
說(shuō)到他們是否來(lái)，這與他有沒(méi)有很大關(guān)系呢？
③What does it matter whether he comes or goes?
他來(lái)也好去也好，那有什么關(guān)系呢？